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O livro foi elaborado pelo CGEE em parceria com o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), e teve o apoio do Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), da Comissão Econômica para América Latina e Caribe (Cepal) e da Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO). O livro verde do bioetanol se propõe a contribuir ao desenvolvimento do potencial dos biocombustíveis e seus desafios de produção no Brasil e na América Latina, no médio prazo. A publicação destaca quais instituições, empresas e indivíduos têm avanços ou planos na pesquisa na área, além de tratar de temas como inovação, investimento, legislação e normativos nos diversos elos da cadeia produtiva e de distribuição do biodiesel e bioetanol.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2009 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre

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With enactment of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (H.R. 6) in December, we are embarking on a new energy policy path. This historic legislation couples increased vehicle efficiency and greater renewable fuel use, steps that can have an immediate impact toward securing a more sustainable energy and environmental future. The law increases the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) to 36 billion gallons of annual renewable fuel use by 2022. And by requiring that nearly 60 percent of the new RFS be met by advanced biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol, it paves the way for commercialization of these vital next generation ethanol technologies. Clearly, this legislation will change the way we fuel our country. Importantly, it’s also changing our environmental footprint from transportation fuels. The increased production and use of renewable fuels, particularly from cellulose feedstocks, will dramatically alter our environmental landscape, utilizing sustainable supplies of biomass while reducing fossil fuel use and harmful greenhouse gas emissions. 2007 will also be remembered for witnessing the ground-breaking on the first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol biorefinery in the U.S. Range Fuels will utilize leftover wood residues from timber harvesting to produce ethanol at its facility near Soperton, Georgia. Others will soon follow, utilizing a variety of technologies and feedstocks. At the same time, existing biorefineries continue to lead with technological innovations that are improving plant efficiencies while reducing energy consumption. As you read on, you will find valuable information on the U.S. ethanol industry, including historical data and current statistics on ethanol and its co-products. 2008 promises to be an exciting and challenging year. As always, the U.S. ethanol industry is dedicated to working with all of our ustomers, suppliers and carriers to meet the energy needs of a growing marketplace while ensuring a more sustainable energy future for all Americans.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre

Sugestão de Leitura

Sólida Base Experimental: O núcleo do livro são os métodos de análise para fertilidade desenvolvidos pelo IAC, baseados em longa experimentação, com a preocupação de aprimorar os diagnósticos para os solos brasileiros
Avaliação da Fertilidade: nas análises básicas de fertilidade têm destaque a extração de P pela resina de troca iônica, além das diferentes opções de procedimentos para os cátions trocáveis, pouco afetados pelos processos de extração. Para a determinação da acidez total, os métodos apresentados incluem o uso do tampão SMP, que requer apenas uma medida de pH, além da opção do método padrão, com acetato de cálcio. Com isso, é possível calcular os valores da CTC a pH 7,0 e da porcentagem de saturação por bases, empregada na recomendação de calagem. O livro traz, também, métodos selecionados para uma completa caracterização química da fertilidade, incluindo enxofre, micronutrientes e nitrogênio total e inorgânico.
Poluição: Estão também incluídos procedimentos para a determinação de metais potencialmente tóxicos, extraídos com DTPA ou conforme os métodos da agência ambiental dos Estados Unidos
Procedimentos Básicos de Laboratório e Controle de Qualidade: outros capítulos tratam de procedimentos laboratoriais básicos, preparo de soluções, equipamentos específicos de laboratórios de análise de solo, instrumentação, preparo de amostras, controle estatístico de qualidade e unidades de representação.
Os Autores: o livro é uma obra conjunta de pesquisadores e professores do Instituto Agronômico, Instituto de Química da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Embrapa – Meio Ambiente, CENA/USP, ESALQ/USP, UNESP-Jaboticabal e Universidade Federal da Paraíba.

Autores: B. van Raij, João C. de Andrade, H. Canterella e José A. Quaggio

2001 – Publicações IAC
ISBN 85-85564-05-9

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A critical evaluation is made of the chemical weapon destruction technologies demonstrated for 1 kg or more of agent in order to provide information about the technologies proven to destroy chemical weapons to policy-makers and others concerned with reaching decisions about the destruction of chemical weapons and agents. As all chemical agents are simply highly toxic chemicals, it is logical to consider the destruction of chemical agents as being no different from the consideration of the destruction of other chemicals that can be as highly toxic—their destruction, as that of any chemicals, requires the taking of appropriate precautions to safeguard worker safety, public health, and the environment. The Chemical Weapons Convention that entered into force in 1997 obliges all States Parties to destroy any stockpiles of chemical weapons within 10 years from the entry into force of the Convention—by 2007—with the possibility of an extension for up to 5 years to 2012. There is consequently a tight timeline under the treaty for the destruction of stockpiled chemical weapons and agents—primarily held in Russia and the United States. Abandoned or old chemical weapons — notably in Europe primarily from World War I, in China from World War II as well as in the United States—also have to be destroyed. During the past 40 years, more than 20,000 tonnes of agent have been destroyed in a number of countries and over 80% of this has been destroyed by incineration. Although incineration is well proven and will be used in the United States to destroy over 80 % of the U.S. stockpile of 25,800 tonnes of agent, considerable attention has been paid particularly in the United States to alternative technologies to incineration because of several constraints that are specific to the United States. Much of the information in this report is based on U.S. experience—as the United States had, along with the Russian Federation, by far the largest stockpiles of chemical weapons and agents anywhere in the world. The United States has made much progress in destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons and agents and has also done more work than any other country to examine alternative technologies for the destruction of chemical weapons and agents. However, the national decisions to be taken by countries faced with the destruction of chemical weapons and agents need to be made in the light of their particular national conditions and standards—and thus may well result in a decision to use different approaches from those adopted by the United States. This report provides information to enable countries to make their own informed and appropriate decisions.

Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 2, p. 187–316, 2002
© 2002 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged

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During trilateral discussions in 2006, the Government of Brazil, the European Commission (representing the European Union) and the Government of the United States of America affirmed their belief that the current market for biofuels is viable, the market will continue to grow within regions, and that international trade in biofuels would increase significantly by the end of the decade. In February 2007, a conference was organized by the European Commission and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), with the active participation of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Brazil’s National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality (INMETRO). This meeting, held in Brussels, convened a broad range of private-sector biofuels experts and government representatives from the EU, US and Brazil. The participants identified that differing standards for biofuels were a potential handicap to the free circulation of biofuels among the three regions. To support the global trade of biofuels, representatives of Brazil, the EU and the U.S. agreed to promote, whenever possible, the compatibility of biofuels-related standards in their respective regions. Such compatibility would not only facilitate the increasing use of biofuels in each of the regional markets, but also would support both exporters and importers of biofuels by helping to avoid adverse trade implications in a global market.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2007 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre

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The Society convened a working group of leading experts to consider the science and technology prospects of delivering efficient biofuels for transport in the broader context of the environmental protection and sustainability.
The working group concluded that biofuels have a potentially useful role in tackling the issues of climate change and energy supply. However, important opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, and to ensure wider environmental and social benefits, may be missed with existing policy frameworks and targets. Unless biofuel development is supported by appropriate policies and economic instruments then there is a risk that we may become locked into inefficient biofuel supply chains that potentially create harmful environmental and social impacts. New technologies need to be accelerated that can help address these issues, aided by policies that provide direct incentives to invest in the most efficient biofuels.
The report makes a series of recommendations about policies and research needs in order to help develop sustainable biofuels for transport.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre

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The report presents facts, findings and models regarding biofuels in a broad context. It points out the associated uncertainties.

The document identifies scenarios which may evolve in either a predictable or non predictable way in the future but which in turn may considerably influence the debate.

Finally, this study has identified open issues which should be addressed in priority.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso Livre

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Dwindling Supply of Non-Renewable Energy Resources Supplying adequate clean energy to a rapidly industrializing world is one of the 21st century’s greatest challenges. Worldwide energy consumption is expected to increase 54% from 2001 to 2025.5 The challenge of providing energy is compounded by concurrent efforts to reduce energy-related pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Between 2003 and 2025, the United States’ population will grow by 58 million people,6 subsequently causing an increase in new building construction. With this growth comes the inevitable growth in consumption of energy, water, food and other non-renewable supplies—unless we change the way we design new communities. The Renewable Energy Community concept is about advocating innovation—looking at a way to reinvent communities to meet untapped customer needs for shelter and transportation with minimal environmental impacts, stable energy costs, and a sense of belonging.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre

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An interdisciplinary MIT faculty group examined the role of coal in a world where constraints on carbon dioxide emissions are adopted to mitigate global climate change. This follows “The Future of Nuclear Power” which focused on carbon dioxide emissions-free electricity generation from nuclear energy and was published in 2003. This report, the future of coal in a carbon-constrained world, evaluates the technologies and costs associated with the generation of electricity from coal along with those associated with the capture and sequestration of the carbon dioxide produced coal-based power generation. Growing electricity demand in the U.S. and in the world will require increases in all generation options (renewables, coal, and nuclear) in addition to increased efficiency and conservation in its use. Coal will continue to play a significant role in power generation and as such carbon dioxide management from it will become increasingly important. This study, addressed to government, industry and academic leaders, discusses the interrelated technical, economic, environmental and political challenges facing increased coal-based power generation while managing carbon dioxide emissions from this sector.
Generous financial support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Energy Foundation, the Better World Fund, the Norwegian Research Council, and the MIT Office of the Provost is gratefully acknowledged.

CNEN – Comissão Nacioanl de Energia Nuclear

2007 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre

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Energy policy is facing major challenges. Industrial countries are increasingly dependent on imports of oil and gas, and global warming is becoming more of a reality. In order to address these challenges, a sustainable energy system must be developed. This document presents an outline of a sustainable energy situation for Europe in the year 2050. The research institutes ECN and NRG hope that this vision will guide energy research and inspire both businesses and governments. The authors describe a consistent development path that leads to a reduction in CO₂ emissions in Europe to 60% below 1990 levels, and to a signifi cantly reduced level of oil and gas imports. However, in 2050 the energy system will not be completely sustainable. The authors have formulated additional sustainability conditions for the reliable use of nuclear energy, biomass, and CO₂ capture & storage in a sustainable energy system. If these conditions are complied with, the overall picture will meet realistic criteria of sustainability. Despite this, continued energy conservation and further development of renewables should be pursued after 2050. In the vision for 2050 presented here, much weight is given to new technologies, new resources and new energy infrastructure. In addition to such innovation, new ways of decision-making and new patterns of behaviour are essential. With respect to technological developments that result in, for instance, affordable solar cells, the deployment of second-generation biofuels and reliable CO₂ capture & storage, realistic judgements have been made as to the timing of their commercialisation. The technology policy required to bring about such technological developments is briefly outlined.

CNEN – Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2007 – Boletim de Energia – Acesso livre