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No Brasil o uso de biocombustíveis tem aumentado ao longo das últimas décadas e sua participação na matriz energética nacional deve ser ainda mais relevante no futuro  póximo. O etanol e o biodiesel são os principais tipos de biocombustível utilizados no setor de transportes. O Brasil foi responsável por 41% da produção mundial de etanol em 2006. No que diz respeito a automóveis, em 2007 a participação de veículos Flex no mercado foi de 65%. O Governo brasileiro implementou em 2005 o Programa Nacional de Biodiesel. Em 2008,a mistura de 2% no Diesel passa a ser obrigatória, representando 840 milhões de litros por ano.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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With enactment of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (H.R. 6) in December, we are embarking on a new energy policy path. This historic legislation couples increased vehicle efficiency and greater renewable fuel use, steps that can have an immediate impact toward securing a more sustainable energy and environmental future. The law increases the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) to 36 billion gallons of annual renewable fuel use by 2022. And by requiring that nearly 60 percent of the new RFS be met by advanced biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol, it paves the way for commercialization of these vital next generation ethanol technologies. Clearly, this legislation will change the way we fuel our country. Importantly, it’s also changing our environmental footprint from transportation fuels. The increased production and use of renewable fuels, particularly from cellulose feedstocks, will dramatically alter our environmental landscape, utilizing sustainable supplies of biomass while reducing fossil fuel use and harmful greenhouse gas emissions. 2007 will also be remembered for witnessing the ground-breaking on the first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol biorefinery in the U.S. Range Fuels will utilize leftover wood residues from timber harvesting to produce ethanol at its facility near Soperton, Georgia. Others will soon follow, utilizing a variety of technologies and feedstocks. At the same time, existing biorefineries continue to lead with technological innovations that are improving plant efficiencies while reducing energy consumption. As you read on, you will find valuable information on the U.S. ethanol industry, including historical data and current statistics on ethanol and its co-products. 2008 promises to be an exciting and challenging year. As always, the U.S. ethanol industry is dedicated to working with all of our ustomers, suppliers and carriers to meet the energy needs of a growing marketplace while ensuring a more sustainable energy future for all Americans.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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A first-order system simulation was carried out to obtain first estimates of the design boundary conditions for a TCM reactor. The simulations showed that TCM storage is a very interesting means of creating a seasonal storage for solar heat. However, a number critical issues exist, such as finding suitable materials (reaction temperatures in the right range) and building an optimized TCM reactor that is able to produce sufficient power and has a limited temperature drop. Various reactor concepts are proposed in this paper.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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This report reflects the presentations and discussions from a bilateral meeting held October 2, 2007 in Washington D.C.. The meeting, which was attended by an equal number of Canadian and American experts in freshwater science and policy, was the first theme-based event to be held as part of the PRI’s project on Engaging US Think-Tanks. The meeting was organized by the PRI and hosted by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to explore possible areas and means of improving Canada-US policy research links relating to freshwater in the context of “Water and Climate Change” and the “Energy-Water Nexus”. As discussed in the report, the exchange between the meeting’s participants was rich and informative and there was a significant level of convergence on the key science and policy research needs with respect to freshwater including: the need for improved data and modeling capacity and integration; water related research for the energy sector; the advancement of watershed management; the development and adoption of policy options to increase water efficiency; and in-stream flow requirements.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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From a supply chain view, this paper traces the flow of transportation fuels through required systems and addresses the current petroleum-based economy, DOE’s vision for a future hydrogen-based transportation economy, and the challenges of a massive market and infrastructure transformation.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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During trilateral discussions in 2006, the Government of Brazil, the European Commission (representing the European Union) and the Government of the United States of America affirmed their belief that the current market for biofuels is viable, the market will continue to grow within regions, and that international trade in biofuels would increase significantly by the end of the decade. In February 2007, a conference was organized by the European Commission and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), with the active participation of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Brazil’s National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality (INMETRO). This meeting, held in Brussels, convened a broad range of private-sector biofuels experts and government representatives from the EU, US and Brazil. The participants identified that differing standards for biofuels were a potential handicap to the free circulation of biofuels among the three regions. To support the global trade of biofuels, representatives of Brazil, the EU and the U.S. agreed to promote, whenever possible, the compatibility of biofuels-related standards in their respective regions. Such compatibility would not only facilitate the increasing use of biofuels in each of the regional markets, but also would support both exporters and importers of biofuels by helping to avoid adverse trade implications in a global market.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2007 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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The Society convened a working group of leading experts to consider the science and technology prospects of delivering efficient biofuels for transport in the broader context of the environmental protection and sustainability.
The working group concluded that biofuels have a potentially useful role in tackling the issues of climate change and energy supply. However, important opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, and to ensure wider environmental and social benefits, may be missed with existing policy frameworks and targets. Unless biofuel development is supported by appropriate policies and economic instruments then there is a risk that we may become locked into inefficient biofuel supply chains that potentially create harmful environmental and social impacts. New technologies need to be accelerated that can help address these issues, aided by policies that provide direct incentives to invest in the most efficient biofuels.
The report makes a series of recommendations about policies and research needs in order to help develop sustainable biofuels for transport.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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The United States consumes more than 20 million barrels of oil each day, two-thirds of which is imported, leaving the nation vulnerable to rising prices. Oil combustion produces emissions linked to health problems and global warming. In January 2003, the administration announced a 5-year, $1.2 billion Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to perform research, development, and demonstration (R&D) for developing hydrogen fuel cells for use as a substitute for gasoline engines. Led by the Department of Energy (DOE), the initiative’s goal is to develop the technologies by 2015 that will enable U.S. industry to make hydrogen-powered cars available to consumers by 2020. GAO examined the extent to which DOE has (1) made progress in meeting the initiative’s targets, (2) worked with industry to set and meet targets, and (3) worked with other federal agencies to develop and demonstrate hydrogen technologies. GAO reviewed DOE’s hydrogen R&D plans, attended DOE’s annual review of each R&D project, and interviewed DOE managers, industry executives, and independent experts.
DOE’s hydrogen program has made important progress in all R&D areas, including both fundamental and applied science. Specifically, DOE has reduced the cost of producing hydrogen from natural gas, an important source of hydrogen through the next 20 years; developed a sophisticated model to identify and optimize major elements of a projected hydrogen delivery infrastructure; increased by 50 percent the storage capacity of hydrogen, a key element for increasing the driving range of vehicles; and reduced the cost and improved the durability of fuel cells. However, some of the most difficult technical challenges lie ahead, including finding a technology that can store enough hydrogen on board a vehicle to achieve a 300-mile driving range, reducing the cost of delivering hydrogen to consumers, and further reducing the cost and improving the durability of fuel cells. The difficulty of overcoming these technical challenges, as well as hydrogen R&D budget constraints, has led DOE to push back some of its interim target dates. However, DOE has not updated its 2006 Hydrogen Posture Plan’s overall assessment of what the department reasonably expects to achieve by its technology readiness date in 2015 and how this may differ from previous posture plans. In addition, deploying the support infrastructure needed to commercialize hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles across the nation will require an investment of tens of billions of dollars over several decades after 2015. DOE has effectively involved industry in designing and reviewing its hydrogen R&D program and has worked to align its priorities with those of industry. Industry continues to review R&D progress through DOE’s annual peer review of each project, technical teams co-chaired by DOE and industry, and R&D workshops. Industry representatives are satisfied with DOE’s efforts, stating that DOE generally has managed its hydrogen R&D resources well. However, the industry representatives noted that DOE’s emphasis on vehicle fuel cell technologies has left little funding for stationary or portable technologies that potentially could be commercialized before vehicles. In response, DOE recently increased its funding for stationary and portable R&D. DOE has worked effectively with hydrogen R&D managers and scientists in other federal agencies, but it is too early to evaluate collaboration among senior officials at the policy level. Agency managers are generally satisfied with the efforts of several interagency working groups to coordinate activities and facilitate scientific exchanges. At the policy level, in August 2007, DOE convened the inaugural meeting of an interagency task force, composed primarily of deputy assistant secretaries and program directors. The task force is developing plans to demonstrate and promote hydrogen technologies.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre

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The report presents facts, findings and models regarding biofuels in a broad context. It points out the associated uncertainties.

The document identifies scenarios which may evolve in either a predictable or non predictable way in the future but which in turn may considerably influence the debate.

Finally, this study has identified open issues which should be addressed in priority.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso Livre

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Dwindling Supply of Non-Renewable Energy Resources Supplying adequate clean energy to a rapidly industrializing world is one of the 21st century’s greatest challenges. Worldwide energy consumption is expected to increase 54% from 2001 to 2025.5 The challenge of providing energy is compounded by concurrent efforts to reduce energy-related pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Between 2003 and 2025, the United States’ population will grow by 58 million people,6 subsequently causing an increase in new building construction. With this growth comes the inevitable growth in consumption of energy, water, food and other non-renewable supplies—unless we change the way we design new communities. The Renewable Energy Community concept is about advocating innovation—looking at a way to reinvent communities to meet untapped customer needs for shelter and transportation with minimal environmental impacts, stable energy costs, and a sense of belonging.

CNEN - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear

2008 - Boletim de Energia - Acesso livre